Review and analysis of vehicle stability models during floods and proposal for future improvements

This is the peer reviewed version of the following article: Bocanegra, RA, Vallés-Morán, FJ, Francés, F. Review and analysis of vehicle stability models during floods and proposal for future improvements. J Flood Risk Management. 2020; 13 ( Suppl. 1):e12551, which has been published in final form at https://doi.org/10.1111/jfr3.12551. This article may be used for non-commercial purposes in accordance with Wiley Terms and Conditions for Self-Archiving.[EN] Flood water can affect vehicles significantly, which in turn can increase the negative effects of floods as vehicles are washed away by the flow and become a form of debris. In cities, most fatalities during floods occur inside vehicles. Consequently, it is necessary to establish thresholds for vehicle stability during this type of event to provide information necessary for flood risk management. This article analyses the available stability models developed over recent years to determine such thresholds. The stability models were grouped according to the way in which they approached car watertightness and the stability thresholds proposed by each of them were compared. It was found that these thresholds vary over a relatively wide range. Additionally, the experimental data were compared with the results provided by these studies leading to the conclusion that several of the stability models analysed do not fit measured data well. New research is required to overcome the simplifications made by the state-of-the-art models and to try to standardise the decision criteria which should be adopted to define stability thresholds for vehicles of different characteristics.Departamento Administrativo de Ciencia, Tecnologia e Innovacion COLCIENCIAS (Colombia) call 728-2015; Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation through the research project TETISCHANGE, Grant/Award Number: RTI2018-093717-B-I00.Bocanegra, RA.; Vallés-Morán, FJ.; Francés, F. (2020). Review and analysis of vehicle stability models during floods and proposal for future improvements. Journal of Flood Risk Management. 13:1-13. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfr3.12551S11313Arrighi, C., Alcèrreca-Huerta, J. C., Oumeraci, H., & Castelli, F. (2015). Drag and lift contribution to the incipient motion of partly submerged flooded vehicles. Journal of Fluids and Structures, 57, 170-184. doi:10.1016/j.jfluidstructs.2015.06.010Arrighi C. Castelli F. &Oumeraci H.(2016). Effects of flow orientation on the onset of motion of flooded vehicles. InProceedings of the 4th IAHR Europe Congress. Liege DOI:https://doi.org/10.1201/b21902-140.Arrighi, C., Huybrechts, N., Ouahsine, A., Chassé, P., Oumeraci, H., & Castelli, F. (2016). Vehicles instability criteria for flood risk assessment of a street network. Proceedings of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences, 373, 143-146. doi:10.5194/piahs-373-143-2016Bonham A. J. &Hattersley R. T.(1967).Low level causeways. WRL Report No. 100. University of New South Wales. Sydney Australia.Cox R. J. Shand T. D. &Blacka M. J.(2010). Appropriate safety criteria for people in floods.Australian Rainfall and Runoff. WRL Research Report 240. Report for Institution of Engineers Australia.DROBOT, S., BENIGHT, C., & GRUNTFEST, E. (2007). Risk factors for driving into flooded roads. Environmental Hazards, 7(3), 227-234. doi:10.1016/j.envhaz.2007.07.003FitzGerald, G., Du, W., Jamal, A., Clark, M., & Hou, X.-Y. (2010). Flood fatalities in contemporary Australia (1997-2008). Emergency Medicine Australasia, 22(2), 180-186. doi:10.1111/j.1742-6723.2010.01284.xGordon A. D. &Stone P. B.(1973).Car stability on road causeways. WRL Technical Report No. 73/12. University of New South Wales. Sydney Australia.Jonkman, S. N., & Kelman, I. (2005). An Analysis of the Causes and Circumstances of Flood Disaster Deaths. Disasters, 29(1), 75-97. doi:10.1111/j.0361-3666.2005.00275.xKellar, D. M. M., & Schmidlin, T. W. (2012). Vehicle-related flood deaths in the United States, 1995-2005. Journal of Flood Risk Management, 5(2), 153-163. doi:10.1111/j.1753-318x.2012.01136.xKeller R. J. &Mitsch B.(1993).Safety aspects of the design of roadways as floodways. Research Report No. 69 Urban Water Research Association of Australia.Kramer, M., Terheiden, K., & Wieprecht, S. (2016). Safety criteria for the trafficability of inundated roads in urban floodings. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 17, 77-84. doi:10.1016/j.ijdrr.2016.04.003Martínez-Gomariz, E., Gómez, M., Russo, B., & Djordjević, S. (2016). Stability criteria for flooded vehicles: a state-of-the-art review. Journal of Flood Risk Management, 11, S817-S826. doi:10.1111/jfr3.12262Martínez-Gomariz, E., Gómez, M., Russo, B., & Djordjević, S. (2017). A new experiments-based methodology to define the stability threshold for any vehicle exposed to flooding. Urban Water Journal, 14(9), 930-939. doi:10.1080/1573062x.2017.1301501Mens M. J. Erlich M. Gaume E. Lumbroso D. Moreda Y. Van der VatM. &Versini P. A.(2008).Frameworks for flood event management. Report Number T19‐07‐03. WL Delft Hydraulics. Delft Netherlands.Moore, K. A., & Power, R. K. (2002). Safe Buffer Distances for Offstream Earth Dams. Australasian Journal of Water Resources, 6(1), 1-15. doi:10.1080/13241583.2002.11465206Oshikawa H. &Komatsu T.(2014). Study on the risk evaluation for a vehicular traffic in a flood situation.Proceedings of the 19th IAHR‐APD Congress Hanoi Vietnam.Pregnolato, M., Ford, A., Wilkinson, S. M., & Dawson, R. J. (2017). The impact of flooding on road transport: A depth-disruption function. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 55, 67-81. doi:10.1016/j.trd.2017.06.020Shand T. Cox R. Blacka M. &Smith G.(2011).Australian Rainfall and Runoff (AR&R). Appropriate safety criteria for vehicles. Australian rainfall and runoff revision project 10: Report Number: P10/S2/020. Sidney Australia.Shu, C., Xia, J., Falconer, R. A., & Lin, B. (2011). Incipient velocity for partially submerged vehicles in floodwaters. Journal of Hydraulic Research, 49(6), 709-717. doi:10.1080/00221686.2011.616318Smith G. P. Davey E. K. &Cox R. J.(2014).Flood hazard. WRL Technical Report 2014/07. University of New South Wales. Sydney Australia.Smith G. P. Modra B. D. Tucker T. A. &Cox R. J.(2017).Vehicle stability testing for flood flows. WRL Technical Report 2017/07. University of New South Wales. Sydney Australia.Suarez, P., Anderson, W., Mahal, V., & Lakshmanan, T. R. (2005). Impacts of flooding and climate change on urban transportation: A systemwide performance assessment of the Boston Metro Area. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 10(3), 231-244. doi:10.1016/j.trd.2005.04.007Teo, F. Y., Xia, J., Falconer, R. A., & Lin, B. (2012). Experimental studies on the interaction between vehicles and floodplain flows. International Journal of River Basin Management, 10(2), 149-160. doi:10.1080/15715124.2012.674040Versini, P.-A., Gaume, E., & Andrieu, H. (2010). Application of a distributed hydrological model to the design of a road inundation warning system for flash flood prone areas. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, 10(4), 805-817. doi:10.5194/nhess-10-805-2010Versini, P.-A., Gaume, E., & Andrieu, H. (2010). Assessment of the susceptibility of roads to flooding based on geographical information – test in a flash flood prone area (the Gard region, France). Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, 10(4), 793-803. doi:10.5194/nhess-10-793-2010Xia, J., Falconer, R. A., Xiao, X., & Wang, Y. (2013). Criterion of vehicle stability in floodwaters based on theoretical and experimental studies. Natural Hazards, 70(2), 1619-1630. doi:10.1007/s11069-013-0889-2Xia, J., Teo, F. Y., Lin, B., & Falconer, R. A. (2010). Formula of incipient velocity for flooded vehicles. Natural Hazards, 58(1), 1-14. doi:10.1007/s11069-010-9639-

Importancia del diagnóstico precoz en fibrosis pulmonar idiopática

La fibrosis pulmonar idiopática (FPI) es una enfermedad fibrosante pulmonar, poco frecuente, que provoca de forma variable limitación al esfuerzo, alteración ventilatoria, insuficiencia respiratoria progresiva y finalmente la muerte. Desde la introducción de fármacos antifibróticos que son capaces de alterar el deterioro funcional progresivo propio de la enfermedad adquiere vital importancia un diagnóstico en las fases más iniciales posibles, a fin de que este beneficio se traduzca en mayor supervivencia y calidad de vida para los pacientes con FPI

Glaucoma primario de ángulo abierto: el otro enemigo silencioso

Resumen En el presente artículo se analiza el impacto de uno de los padecimientos incapacitantes visuales más frecuentes, el glaucoma primario de ángulo abierto. La importancia del mismo es que, de encontrarse en sus etapas iniciales, es posible frenar, o al menos ralentizar la progresión del mismo, evitando así una pérdida de la capacidad visual irreversible. Se lleva a cabo una revisión de la epidemiología, la etiología, el cuadro clínico y los signos más frecuentes, así como del tratamiento del glaucoma, de una forma breve y concisa, dirigida a la comunidad médica que ofrece atención primaria, a fin de que puedan detectar este problema de manera oportuna. Abstract In this work the impact of primary open-angle glaucoma, one of the most frequent visually incapacitating pathologies, is analyzed. The importance of said pathology is that, if it is diagnosed in its early stages, it is possible to stop it, or at least slow its progression down, therefore avoiding an irreversible visual capacity loss. This work includes a revision of this pathology’s epidemiology, etiology, clinic manifestations and common signs, as well as its treatment, in a short and concise way, meant for the medical community that offers primary care, for them to be able to identify this problem in an timely wa

Glaucoma primario de ángulo abierto: el otro enemigo silencioso

Resumen En el presente artículo se analiza el impacto de uno de los padecimientos incapacitantes visuales más frecuentes, el glaucoma primario de ángulo abierto. La importancia del mismo es que, de encontrarse en sus etapas iniciales, es posible frenar, o al menos ralentizar la progresión del mismo, evitando así una pérdida de la capacidad visual irreversible. Se lleva a cabo una revisión de la epidemiología, la etiología, el cuadro clínico y los signos más frecuentes, así como del tratamiento del glaucoma, de una forma breve y concisa, dirigida a la comunidad médica que ofrece atención primaria, a fin de que puedan detectar este problema de manera oportuna. Abstract In this work the impact of primary open-angle glaucoma, one of the most frequent visually incapacitating pathologies, is analyzed. The importance of said pathology is that, if it is diagnosed in its early stages, it is possible to stop it, or at least slow its progression down, therefore avoiding an irreversible visual capacity loss. This work includes a revision of this pathology’s epidemiology, etiology, clinic manifestations and common signs, as well as its treatment, in a short and concise way, meant for the medical community that offers primary care, for them to be able to identify this problem in an timely wa